An Analysis of “Cat in the Rain” by Ernest Hemingway

Argument The short story Cat in the rain by Ernest Hemingway is one of my favorite pieces of short fiction written by an American writer. I read the story for the first time in my second year at the university and, ever since then, whenever I met people who shared my passion for literature, I bring up Cat in the rain. What puzzles me most is the uncertainty that I have regarding the cat. Is the cat that the American woman saw in the rain the same one with the cat that the innkeeper gave her at the end of the short story? Synopsis The short story Cat in the Rain was written in the 1920’s. It is about an American couple who spends their holidays in an Italian hotel. It is a rainy day and the American woman sees a cat in the rain,†¦show more content†¦This character provides the lonely wife the only source of encouragement. The protagonist The protagonist of the story is the American wife / girl. The woman’s spontaneous reaction after she had seen that cat stands for the conflict of the story. Usually only children want to protect cats or dogs from the rain, as a grown-up knows that rain does not do any harm to animals living on the street. The woman wants to protect the little cat, which now stands for something innocent and vulnerable, like a baby. This is the behaviour of an adult. But on the other hand she acts like a child by having this wish for a cat. It is extremely meaningful that the woman is referred to as â€Å"girl† in the following paragraph, not as â€Å"wife† like before. The sequence in which we get to know that she likes the hotelkeeper a lot follows next. She likes the way he wants to serve her. Why? Because it makes her feel like a grown-up woman, treated like a real lady. But the other reasons for liking him originate from a more childish mentality: she likes him because of â€Å"his old, heavy face and big hands†. When she talks about the cat she does not say â€Å"cat† but â€Å"kitty,† which is usually a childish expression. The two parts of her personality can be noticed in the way she perceives the innkeeper: â€Å"The padrone made her feel very small and at the same time very important. She had a momentary feeling of being of great importance.† The child in

Art in the Middle Ages and The Renaissance and Its Effect...

The Medieval period also referred to as the Middle Ages was the period of time between the demise of the Roman Empire and the Renaissance era; this was the period from the 5th century to the 17th century in Europe. During this time, society conformed to the feudal system which was based on the hierarchy approach which upper class had control over the lower class. Included in this class structure were kings, lords, neighboring kings, peasants and church leaders. In the Middle Ages, art evolves as humans continue addressing the traditional and the new, including Biblical subjects, Christian dogma, and Classical mythology (Introduction to the History of Medieval Art. n.d.). Most of the art produced during this time was heavily focused on†¦show more content†¦The Renaissance is best known for its art as this was the age of geniuses as Leonardo da Vinci, Petrarch, Dante, and Michelangelo (Medieval and Modern History. ,1905 ). Art of the Renaissance era utilized more realistic representations than art from the Middle Ages. For example, the human body was painted in a realistic manner, often with backdrops of nature. There was lesser emphasis placed on religious art and vanished were the images that had people positioned freely and in came proportioned groupings. Also, the progression of science helped artists recognize the idea of perspective, where items that were drawn smaller essentially looked as if they were at a distance and by using light and shadowing they were able to obtain a more factual resemblance of reality. Artist of that time, such as Leonardo da Vinci focused more on the detail of anatomy, showing more of the human form with less or no clothing. Leonardo da Vinci was one of the first artists of the renaissance period to utilized science in his artwork and learned the physical proportions of the human body. He utilized what he learned to create what he described to be the perfect human figure which he demonstrated in his art work. Two of his most popular pieces of art were the Last Supper and the Mono Lisa. Artwork of the medieval period was present across several countries, and transitioned a great deal for more thanShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at the Italian Renaissance690 Words   |  3 Pages What did art represent in the Italian Renaissance? Explain the significance of the art in the Renaissance - using examples. Choose one of the artists from each of the eras of the Italian Renaissance: Early Renaissance 1330 -1450 → Donatello, Brunelleschi, Masaccio High Renaissance 1450 - 1500 → Piero della Francesca, Michelangelo, Leonardo Da Vinci Late Renaissance 1500 - 1700 → Raphael, Titian, Carlo Maderno, Artemisia Gentileschi Take notes on the contributions that the artist made to:Read MoreThe Renaissance in Europe1418 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Renaissance†, which is French for â€Å"rebirth†, perfectly describes the rebirth of art and learning that occurred in Europe between the 1400s and 1600s. During the era known as the Renaissance, Europe underwent a cultural movement in which people regained interest in the ancient cultures of Greece and Rome. A renewed interest in philosophy and human individuality lead to the development of more worldly and nonreligious focuses. Europe sought knowledge from the ancient world and moved out of the DarkRead MoreThe Renaissance Period836 Words   |  4 PagesThe Renaissance Period The term Renaissance comes from the French word rebirth. The Renaissance was a period of European history, considered by modern scholars that occurred between 1300 and 1600. Many dramatic changes happened during the Renaissance. The Renaissance was a period of new inventions and beliefs. This period of time was drastically different from the Middle Ages. During the Middle Ages the church had most of the power and its economy was based primarily on agriculture. ExplorationRead MoreRebirth Of The Renaissance1030 Words   |  5 PagesThe Middle Ages was the time between the fall of Rome and the fall of Constantinople. During this time, there were wars, famines, and diseases. The Renaissance was a time of rebirth of Greek and Roman classics and prosperity. The Renaissance people knew they were different, they learned new things, and succeeded in many different forms of art and science. The many unique advances made the Renaissance a distinct period from the Middle Ages. People living during the Renaissance rediscovered themselvesRead MoreThe American Renissance1169 Words   |  5 Pagesto improve their society and their lifestyle. Revolution is a fundamental change in society brought by people getting together for a common cause. Many revolutions had taken place in human history, led by different causes, situations and people. Some examples are like political revolution, socio-economic revolution industrial or commercial revolution, philosophical revolution, Cultural Revolution etc. Those revolutions vary in methods, motives, duration and its effects on society. Sometimes theRead MoreThe Renaissance And Its Impact On The European Renaissance1694 Words   |  7 PagesWith the dark ages coming to end and the economy of Europe slowly beginning to rise again, a giant scale cultural revolution like never before was slowly beginning to sweep over Europe. Becoming what we now know as the European Renaissance, every aspect of European life changed beca use of this revolution. The Renaissance began a renewed interest in the people to seek knowledge and question what the world around them meant. The Renaissance wasn’t just about learning however, it included exploringRead MoreThe Renaissance Era Was A Prosperous Time For Art From1359 Words   |  6 Pages The Renaissance era was a prosperous time for art from the 15th century to 17th century. Europe had reached the end of the middle ages. The middle age is often defined by characteristics such as martial order and absolute hierarchy. European countries did not thrive in terms of technology nor have any advancements in terms of the economy either. The Renaissance period which came after the middle age completely contrasts its preceding era. A new philosophy that later on came to be known as ‘humanism’Read MoreThe Renaissance And The Middle Ages1516 Words   |  7 PagesThe Middle Ages were regarded as a dark and desolate time period in history. Society during th is time had no social progress, incessant wars, extreme violence, and no improvement to intellect or education. The Renaissance marked the end of the Middle Ages lasting roughly from the early 1400s to the 17th century. The Renaissance was exceptionally different from the Dark Ages because the human intellect, social climate, and the beliefs of Renaissance men was the opposite of the Middle Ages. ActingRead MoreMiddle Ages and the Renaissance1274 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Middle Ages and Renaissance (Order #A2073046) In the time between the 1300s and the 1500s, a great transformation took place in Europe. Prior to the 1300s, Europe had experienced what has been called the Middle Ages, but after 1500, the continent was fully into the period known as the Renaissance. The impetus for the transformation that took place was the onslaught of the Black Death, or a two hundred year nightmare in which the Bubonic Plague devastated European society. The changes thatRead MoreThe Rise Of The 19th Century Essay1442 Words   |  6 PagesThe 14th century Renaissance1 was a transformational period in European history during which society experienced a resurgence of classical beliefs which altered Europe’s literature, science, religion, politics, and especially art. The word Renaissance is defined as a revival or rebirth; the period before, known as the Middle Ages, was characterized by feudalism, power of the Catholic Church, and plague. However, as a result of the widespread loss of life caused by the Black Death, there was a rapid

Business Report Structure

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Report Structure. Answer: Introduction The business report is an important form of formal communication. Executives, managers and employees to present their findings to seniors use the business report. The business report is a formal document. Therefore, it is important that it should have to the point information. There are various theories around the structure of business report. Some authors believe that the business report should be structured with bullet points while some authors believe that the business report should be structured in a paragraph format (Collis Hussey, 2013). A lot of researches are done in this area and the objective of this paper is to discuss and analyze the literature review on the topic of business report structure. The initial research suggests that the business report should have a logical structure where every section follows the previous section and the section set the context for the next section. Analysis Bock Opsahl (2012) argued that any business report must start with an Executive Summary. The authors highlighted that executive summary is the most important section of any business report. The executive summary section is important because the senior leaders may not have enough time to report the entire report. Therefore, it is important that the writers should have an effective executive summary at the start of the business report. Svensson (2013) highlighted that the executive summary section should not be more than two pages. The idea of the executive summary is to summarize the report in a crisp manner. The executive summary may not be able to serve its purpose if it is more than two pages. However, in certain reports, there could be an exception. For example, if the length of the business report is more than 100 or 150 pages then the executive summary could be more than two pages as it is practically not possible to summarize 100-150 pages in two pages. However, as a thumb rul e, the executive summary should not exceed 10% of the total word limit of report. Karabag Berggren (2014) argued that the business report should be divided into number of headings and sub-headings. It is important that the business report should start with an introduction paragraph. The introductory paragraph should set the base of entire business report. The background of the report, the scope of the report and the objective of the report should be clearly highlighted in the introductory paragraph. As a thumb rule, the introduction section should not exceed 10% of the total word limit of report. Authors argued that the business report should have eight to ten sections and it is important that all the section should follow the previous section. It is also important that the section should have sub-sections. The idea of putting sub-sections is to put a new concept in each sub section. It is important that multiple concepts should not be mixed in a simple sub section as it can add to the confusion. Cardon (2015) argued that any business report must have a table of contents that lists down all the sections and sub sections. If the business report also have various figures and diagrams that the business report should also have a table of figure. The section of table of contents should follow executive summary section. Authors also mentioned that the business report must have a formal font. It is important that the writers should use Times New Roman, Aerial or any other formal font. The new and modern fonts like Helvetica, etc. should not be used. It is important that the report should be written in a font size of 10 to 12. The font of size less than 10 and the font of size more than 12 may looks unprofessional (Feldman Netzer, 2012). It is also important that the font size of heading should be different than the font size of text. If the font size of body is 12, then the size of headings should be 14 and the font size of sub headings should be 13. The formal structure of busines s report also suggests that the headings of the report should be center aligned and the sub headings of the report should be left aligned. The best practices of developing business report also suggests that the business report should be written in a black ink only and writers should avoid any other ink. The professionalism of the business report could be maintained with the line spacing also. The best practice suggests that the line spacing should not be more than two (Nathan, 2013). A Conclusion section should follow the body or the content of the business report. It is important that the conclusion should be crisp in nature. The conclusion section should not contain any new information. In the conclusion section, writer should only summarize the report and make the concluding remarks. The conclusion section is generally the last section of any business report and Reference and Appendices follow this section. Conclusion The above paper discusses the literature review on the structure of business report. With the above discussion it can be said that the business report should start with an Executive Summary section and should end with a Conclusion section. There are certain small things that add to the professional nature of the business report. For example, the business report should have a clear font, the line spacing should be less than two, the text should be left aligned, and the headings should be center aligned and the sub headings should be left aligned. It is important that the authors should write the business report in a third person. The first person writing can make the report unprofessional. The guidelines suggest that the Executive Summary section should be written at last, after all the sections and sub sections are written. References Bock, A.J., Opsahl, T., George, G. and Gann, D.M., 2012. The effects of culture and structure on strategic flexibility during business model innovation.Journal of Management Studies,49(2), pp.279-305. Cardon, P., 2015.Business communication: Developing leaders for a networked world. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Collis, J. and Hussey, R., 2013.Business research: A practical guide for undergraduate and postgraduate students. Palgrave macmillan. Karabag, S.F. and Berggren, C., 2014. Antecedents of firm performance in emerging economies: Business groups, strategy, industry structure, and state support.Journal of Business Research,67(10), pp.2212-2223. Nathan, P., 2013. Academic writing in the business school: The genre of the business case report.Journal of English for Academic Purposes,12(1), pp.57-68. Netzer, O., Feldman, R., Goldenberg, J. and Fresko, M., 2012. Mine your own business: Market-structure surveillance through text mining.Marketing Science,31(3), pp.521-543. Svensson, G., 2013. Processes of substantiations and contributions through theory building towards theory in business research.European Business Review,25(5), pp.466-480.

The impact of the Internet on our daily life Essay Example For Students

The impact of the Internet on our daily life Essay There is a big influence of technique on our daily life. Electronicdevices, multimedia and computers are things we have to deal with everyday. Especially the Internet is becoming more and more important for nearlyeverybody as it is one of the newest and most forward-looking media andsurely the medium of the future. Therefore we thought that it would be necessary to think about some goodand bad aspects of how this medium influences us, what impacts it has onour social behaviour and what the future will look like. We will write a custom essay on The impact of the Internet on our daily life specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The Internet changed our life enormously, there is no doubt about that. There are many advantages of the Internet that show you the importance ofthis new medium. What I want to say is that Internet changed our life in apositive way. First we have to make a differentiation concerning the usage. You can usethe Internet at home for personal or you at work for professional usage. Lets come to the first. To spend a part of our day on the Internet is formany people quite normal. They use this kind of medium to get informationabout all kinds topics. Maybe some of them are interested in chatting,probably they are members of a community. Whatever you are looking for, youwill find it. Even if you want to have very specific information, you willfind it in a short time. Normally, you often have to send a letter, thanyou have to wait for the reception of the reply, or you have to make sometelephone calls and so on. In any case, the traditional way is the longerone. To put your own information on the Internet is also possible. Createyour own homepage, tell other users about your interests, what you want,thats no problem at all. As we all know, software costs a lot, if you buy it legal. Free software,free music is available on the Internet. You just have to download theprogram, the mp3-file or whatever and thats it. Why do you want to paymore as you need to? Special websites are created just to give you thenewest programs, or to tell you where you can get it from. Napster mightactually be the most famous one. The computer is a fix part of every modern office and the greatest part hasalso an access to the Internet. Companies already present their products,their services on the Internet and so they get more flexible. The next advantage I want to mention is the faster development. Manyuniversities and research institutions are also linked. They are able toexchange experiences, novelties and often they start new projects together. If they are linked, they can save time and money. Especially at the business sector knowledge is power. If you are the leaderof a product, of a technology or just of an idea you are able to make a lotof money. To get into this position, the Internet can play an essentialpart. Companies all over the world are online. If you want, it is noproblem for you to exchange experiences, you will hear new things, you willsee some facts from another point of view. For this reason you will findnew solutions, new ways to go, so take this chance!Learning by doing, everybody knows this phrase and its still an essentialpart concerning the Internet. Children also use the Internet, most of thetime they will play over the Internet, but they learn to work with thecomputer. There is only one way to learn something, you have to do it. Evenits the first contact with the computer, after a few minutes the personwill know that the computer-mouse is no animal running on the monitor. Heor she learns to write on the keyboard, to navigate, to open and closeprogra ms, to save data within hours. Try to do that on a normal computercourse for beginners, you will need more time and the most important fact,its not as funny as surfing on the Internet and so they participants areless motivated. Lets change over to another positive effect of the Internet. In any case, everybodys private situation is different. For many womentheir own children are the main reason for staying at home. Nowadays thiswont be a problem any more, you can do work on your computer at home,called tele-working. Also men take this opportunity to work at home. Whatare the consequences, the advantages of tele-working? Sure, if you have afamily, you can spend more time at home, probably you can spend more timewith your children. Next is, that you can organize every day in the way youwant to. Meetings at the company are reduced to a minimum. Tele-working isalso an advantage for the owner of the company.Officialstudiessubstantiate that people who work at home are more motivated than theircolleagues at the office. . You see, the Internet is really a very positive medium. Use the Internetand discover the advantages of this new, forward-looking medium! Markus TemmelAnother advantage of the internet is that you can join a community. You can create new social contacts all over the world, which you could notdo so easy without the internet. Such communities can also help people who can not go out to find friends inthe real life because they are disabled. Therefore they can chat with otherpeople via the internet. Sometimes it is also easier for people, who areafraid to look into the others face while talking, to chat with a personthat they do not know. There is something between them which makes iteasier for them to communicate. It also does not matter if you have aterrible appearance because you can pretend to be whatever you want. Youcan also change your gender and your age to talk about topics which you donot normally do. However, there are no time and place limitations and there are noboundaries, both geographical and political. You can chat with people inAustralia and you have freedom of your mind in a way. Moreover the internet is much cheaper than the real life, e.g. phoning afriend in Australia costs more than to chat with him. From my point of view the e-mail has replaced the traditional letter. Youdo not have to buy stamps anymore and it is much faster and also for free. You can also add files to your E-mail and thats why a big data transfer ispossible. Therefore you do not have to send disks with information aroundthe world anymore and you have your information in a digital way. Another free service of the internet is sending SMS. You can save a lot ofmoney if you do not send it with your mobile phone especially from Austriato America. You also have the opportunity to register as a user. Then youcan use more things, e.g. sending E-postcards, I-messages (messages betweenregistered users), and lead an address book. You can also place your digital photos in the internet. With a password anda login name your friends in America can look at your photos withoutsending them to them. Another important part is online gaming. You can play with people from allover the world and share your knowledge. In my opinion its more exiting toplay with friends than playing alone. Additionally, another big advantage of the internet is the easy access toinformation. Online reference books and dictionaries replace the way to thebookshop or to the library. It is again cheaper to search for informationin the internet than to buy a book, that is old after one year. In theinternet a lot of information is renewed and up to date. You can also findinformation which is very new and a book does not exist yet. Moreover you can read the daily newspapers from all over the world,sometimes for free. You do not have to buy them anymore. In addition, mostnewspaper sites have an archive in which you can search for old articles. .uadb54722961fe0d2831b024ce706b719 , .uadb54722961fe0d2831b024ce706b719 .postImageUrl , .uadb54722961fe0d2831b024ce706b719 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uadb54722961fe0d2831b024ce706b719 , .uadb54722961fe0d2831b024ce706b719:hover , .uadb54722961fe0d2831b024ce706b719:visited , .uadb54722961fe0d2831b024ce706b719:active { border:0!important; } .uadb54722961fe0d2831b024ce706b719 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uadb54722961fe0d2831b024ce706b719 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uadb54722961fe0d2831b024ce706b719:active , .uadb54722961fe0d2831b024ce706b719:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uadb54722961fe0d2831b024ce706b719 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uadb54722961fe0d2831b024ce706b719 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uadb54722961fe0d2831b024ce706b719 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uadb54722961fe0d2831b024ce706b719 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uadb54722961fe0d2831b024ce706b719:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uadb54722961fe0d2831b024ce706b719 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uadb54722961fe0d2831b024ce706b719 .uadb54722961fe0d2831b024ce706b719-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uadb54722961fe0d2831b024ce706b719:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Drunk Driving1 EssayHowever, the internet is also a big advertising company. A lot ofenterprises have a homepage with ads and support opportunities. On some ofthem you can order products online. Then you do not have to go to the cityanymore. You avoid waiting in front of the cash because of a long queue. Moreover, you can get the newest stock exchange courses because the stockexchange in the Internet is always the most current one. You also have theability to tell the computer to buy shares when the course is down. Besides you can learn with the internet. CBTs (Computer Based Training)already exist but you can also join an internet course with other members. Furthermore you can hold videoconferences which means that e.g. yourteacher is sitting in his office in America and teaching you in Austria. This is very important in the medical sector because doctors from all overthe world can join an operation. So specialists can give tips and helpother doctors to complete the operation successfully. The patient has notto wait until a specialist will come from America. But this is only available because of the internet 2 which is much faster. The internet is a database full of information and offers us a lot ofservices, sometimes for free. This makes our life easier and sometimes alsocheaper. All in all I think that the internet is very useful especially forstudents. Martina TheuermannClicking on the Internet-Button is getting more and morethrillingnowadays. Sometimes it is a real adventure not being sure if you havedownloaded a virus or if it is only a hoax. You even cannot be sure to bealone if you are alone. Is there someone else working on my computer or isit only me? To have more security you have to install a firewall, buy anti-virus-programmes and update them regularly. So you have to spend much moneyonly for preventing a virus-caused breakdown or hacker-attacks. It isannoying not being sure if the money you have spent will prevent all thosethings or if there is already a new virus and a new way hacking intocomputers. This is no more an investment into security it is a steadyconsumption which will not end. Some people even have to take up a loan tobuy a computer. They are forced to buy one. Otherwise they maybe would notbe able to stay in their job. What will the poor people do? They will berarely informed about news and the space between rich and poor will becomebigger and bigger. Having downloaded the latest anti-virus-program it will not prevent meetingbad people on the internet. If you chat with someone you cannot be sureabout the truth of his/her words. Most people cheat emotions, cheat abouttheir appearance, age, job. That can be funny but if you want to meetsomeone talking to each other seriously it can be hard to do so. Is it aman, is it a woman or is it someone I already know? You never can be sure. Is that something on the other side already hacking into my computerreading personal information? If you get to a web site of a bank is it areal bank or only a faked one? There have to be some signs which identifyan original website reliably. How can I be sure if I want to buy somethingon the web and send my credit card-number that nobody will read it?Imagine the following scene: You are surfing through the internet andsuddenly you are just downloading the latest screensaver of VeronaFeldbusch the whole internet breaks down. What would you do? Trying tobuild your own internet? Worrying about the lack of Verona? Sitting infront of the computer waiting for hours and looking into a black screen?Seriously, what would happen? I think most of the people would wait an houror longer. Some people would stop existing because they have no real life. They only exist on the internet with their avatars in the chat rooms. Theyhave given up reality for cyberspace. It is more practical for them becausethey do not need to ask someone to meet someone. The other one is just onthe other end. Seriously speaking, I think people would not be glad abouthaving to get out of their rooms. They feel uncomfortable about leavingtheir beloved computer. They do not know what to do. I think many even donot know any more how a book looks like or a typewriter. Besides losing oursocial abilities we are also losing our every-day-abilities. The computeris a nanny, a dictionary, an information centre, a job, a shopping centre. Nobody has to know anything about everyday business because the computerdoes it for us. Internet user are becoming younger and younger. For children it is noproblem to work with a computer. They just accept him as partner. Butwhat do the older people do? Some even do not know how to switch thecomputer on. I know some people who are afraid of the computer. They thinkeverything they do is wrong and the computer is breaking down on purpose. For these people the computer is already too complex. There has to besomething like a computer for beginners. Otherwise there will always besome people who do not want to know how to use the computer because thereis too much to know about it. There are people who do not read the paper in the morning any more. Theyare reading the e-paper. Even in the morning they are sitting in front ofthe computer and not talking to each other while drinking a cup of tea. Inthe future there will be more and more e-papers and the newspapers willdisappear. Some are beginning to talk to their computer (Come on, letswork!) but they are not any more able to talk to each other. While chattingin the internet you are frequently using abbreviations,uncompletedsentences and so on. This leads to speaking disabilities in everyday life. Eva UkowitzOne of the most negative aspects of the impact of the internet on our dailylife is, in my opinion, that it alters the social behaviour, habits andabilities of people. Especially children are often badly influenced by the internet. Therefore I want to deal with the impact of the internet on the socialbehaviour of children. In our times, when nearly every household has a computer and access to theinternet, it is only clear that also children deal with computers and theinternet. They should learn how to use it, of course. The world of the world wide web and virtual space is going to become moreimportant with every year and everybody should be able to use this tool even children. They should know how to get information, how they can buy something on theweb, where they can meet people online. They should be able to use the internet because if they are not, they aregoing to have great difficulties with getting on in their lives withoutknowing how to use the internet later on. Simply because it is a verypowerful media which is going to be the main medium in the future. But what I am worrying about is that children will be very competentexperts on using the internet but not on how to live in the real worldanymore. The first point I want to mention is that I dont consider the internet asa suitable babysitter or friend for children. As I have already said, I think that it is important that children learnhow to use the internet but it is also very important that they learn tohave the right attitude towards the internet. The internet will never replace the real world and therefore it isimportant that children see that the internet is a great tool if you knowhow to handle it but it should not be a replacement for real friends, for areal life. Its the parents duty to tell their children so. Parents should not just put their children in front of a computer and sayOh well, thats the internet, go on, have some fun and be quiet. Theinternet was not made for children and so it should not be used as ababysitter. .u30184d1d7a4a2b8a4f7e1546aa56b225 , .u30184d1d7a4a2b8a4f7e1546aa56b225 .postImageUrl , .u30184d1d7a4a2b8a4f7e1546aa56b225 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u30184d1d7a4a2b8a4f7e1546aa56b225 , .u30184d1d7a4a2b8a4f7e1546aa56b225:hover , .u30184d1d7a4a2b8a4f7e1546aa56b225:visited , .u30184d1d7a4a2b8a4f7e1546aa56b225:active { border:0!important; } .u30184d1d7a4a2b8a4f7e1546aa56b225 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u30184d1d7a4a2b8a4f7e1546aa56b225 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u30184d1d7a4a2b8a4f7e1546aa56b225:active , .u30184d1d7a4a2b8a4f7e1546aa56b225:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u30184d1d7a4a2b8a4f7e1546aa56b225 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u30184d1d7a4a2b8a4f7e1546aa56b225 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u30184d1d7a4a2b8a4f7e1546aa56b225 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u30184d1d7a4a2b8a4f7e1546aa56b225 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u30184d1d7a4a2b8a4f7e1546aa56b225:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u30184d1d7a4a2b8a4f7e1546aa56b225 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u30184d1d7a4a2b8a4f7e1546aa56b225 .u30184d1d7a4a2b8a4f7e1546aa56b225-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u30184d1d7a4a2b8a4f7e1546aa56b225:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: What Is History EssayYou can never be sure what the child will get to see when it is onlinewithout an adult sitting next to it. There is so much harmful, offendingand simply disgusting material on the internet, that it is in my opinion totally careless when you let your children surf through the net all bythemselves. By reading the emails from the discussion group I often heard that if youteach your children the basics of ethic and just tell them not to look atharmful material then they can go online and surf through the net alone. Im not of the same opinion. Children are children and they are not adults. If you tell them not to look at for example pornographic sites, you cannever be sure that they will not. Children are nosy ones at least most ofthem are and most children will go and have a look at pornographicmaterials on the internet. The only way to provide that children do not seeharmful things on the internet is to sit next to them and supervise them. I have a little brother, aged seven and when he wants to go online, then hehas to ask my parents or me to come with him and sit next to him while hessurfing. Surely, it doesnt mean fun when you have to sit next to him andlisten to the Teletubbies talking or see Mickey Mouse bowling but I am farmore interested in hearing and seeing these things than in not being surewhat he would see if I was not sitting next to him. Thats the one point why the internet should not be used as a babysitter. The other point is that it is in my opinion not good for the childrento sit in front of the computer all day. Children need friends and they need to play with friends to learn how tobehave and how to interact with others. Human beings are not born with any social abilities we have to learn allof these stuff. And if children sit in front of the computer and dont play with otherchildren when and where should they learn how to behave?Another question is whether the internet is a useful medium to educatechildren or not. Well, in my opinion it is not. Even for adults it is often a problem to say whether an information isright or wrong on the internet. So when adults are not able to be sureabout it how should children be?The risk to learn wrong things from the internet is very big and so theinternet should not be used to educate the child right from the beginningon. But: You should try to tell your children how they can distinguish betweengood and bad information. (Be critically, try to figure out who haswritten the information, when was the last update, and so on.) Later on,they will have to get information for the internet and then they should beable to use it, of course. But in my opinion theres no sense to teach them the basics with the helpof the internet before they have learnt how to distinguish between good andbad information they are simply too young to be sure about that. Tanja VogrinIt is very difficult to differ between the good and bad aspects ofinternet. There are good and bad things about every service of theinternet. If you chat you can meet many interesting people which come from all overthe world. Distance is not important any more. You can meet people whichare not able to find friends in reality because of their appearance. Incyberspace there is no appearance the character of a person counts. Butyou also can meet people, who cheat on you and fool you. That can be funny,but it is not if you want to meet real, devine friends. Sometimes, if youmeet your online friends it can be very thrilling. You make your ownpicture of your chat-partner in your mind. And what about your friends inreality? There will be less time left for them, if you sit in front of thePC all the day. But there is also the possibility to make your real friendsyour online-friends. Searching for information you will find a huge amount of it on every topicyou are searching for. This can be very comfortable. You only have to typein a word and you will find everything about it. But be careful! There isalso false information. Sometimes it is hard to distinguish between trueand false information. Often you have the possibility to listen to music on the internet. You mayalso download it for free. That is very cheap because you only have to paythe telephone-costs and the music is for free. What does that mean for themusicians? They will not get all their money they would normally receive. That is not too dangerous for the well-known musicians but it can becomedangerous to the little ones who cannot afford to lose a part of theirincome. What about communicating with an online-friend? You will send him/her anemail. It is faster than a letter, cheaper than a telephone call and easierto use than a radio set. But: Is the encryption-code secure enough? Manyhackers will try to read the message you send to your friends. This leadsto the next problem of the internet: How can you provide privacy in a non-private world? Everybody wants to know everything about everyone. How canyou say: This is my private zone, nobody can get into it. A few minuteslater someone will try to get into the privacy-zone. Why? Everyone thinksthere must be something very interesting and secret inside this zone. Nothing is more interesting than a forbidden place. There is some specialanonymity about the internet. You may tell anything about yourself andeveryone will believe you if nobody checks the information. You also mayswap your gender and nobody will recognise it. What will happen, if you are ill and cannot leave the house? No problem!You can do everything on the internet without leaving the house. You can dothe shopping, meet friends and so on. The only problem is the way ofpaying. It is very easy, you only have to type in your credit card-numberand the goods will be paid. But some transmission techniques are not verysafe and so someone could read your credit card-number and use it to buythings himself. You always have to inform yourself about the transmission-techniques to be sure about security. Otherwise you may pay for beinguninformed later on. This leads to the costs of the internet. The only good about it is that thesurf-cost are low (depending on the provider). But anything else is verycost-intensive. You have to buy anti-virus-programmes, software, computer, And that is not enough! Internet is developing very fast for this youhave to update the programmes regularly. You will also not abandon theoption to get a faster computer. Which are the points we have agreed on?Information is difficult to divide into true and false. It is too muchinformation to be able to view on everything. It is a strong positive argument that internet does not care about time ordistance. Everyone can be online every time and communicate with everyoneeverywhere. Though you have the possibility to meet many people on the internetfrequent use of this will cause loneliness because you wont have realfriends anymore. It is very difficult to give children access to the internet. There aremany things which are not suitable for children. Either you sit next tothem during surfing or you believe in the internet that it will not showharmful things and in the children that they will not try to find harmfulthings.

Alternative Dispute Resolution Clause

Alternative Dispute Resolution Clause Free Online Research Papers Conflict in the workplace can be incredibly destructive to good team work, and If a disagreement arises out of a learning team , the starting point for dealing with this dispute is to identify the overriding conflict style employed by the team leader, the team or the organization through the following five steps: Step 1: Set the scene and make sure that the parties involved understand that the conflict may be a mutual problem, which can be resolved through discussion rather than through raw hostility. Use active listening skills to ensure you hear and understand others positions and perceptions by restating, paraphrasing, summarizing, and making sure that everyone acts and talks using an assertive approach rather than an aggressive or submissive style. Step 2: Gather information by identifying the underlying interest, needs, and concerns. Listen with empathy and ask for each persons input and confirm, and respect each others opinion. Also Identify issues clearly and concisely, remain flexible, and clarify feelings. Step 3: Agree the problem that needs to be solved because sometimes different people will see problems differently, and by reaching an understanding a common perception of the problem the team will come closer to finding a solution. Step 4: Brainstorm the possible solution by being open to all ideas including those that were never considered before because if everyone has given fair input everyone will feel satisfied with the resolution. Step 5: After completing the previous four steps negotiate a solution where both sides better understand the position of one another, and a mutual decision can be executed by all parties. Last but not least, if the disagreement cannot be settled through these steps of negotiation, the parties agree to first try in good faith to settle the dispute by mediation before resorting to arbitration, litigation, or some other dispute resolution procedure. Research Papers on Alternative Dispute Resolution ClauseConflict Resolution TacticsThe Legal ProcessProject Management 101Deontological Teleological TheoriesMy Writing ExperienceMr. Obama and IranInternational PaperDistance Learning Survival GuideProbation OfficersCombating Human Trafficking

5 More Examples of Extraneous Hyphens

5 More Examples of Extraneous Hyphens 5 More Examples of Extraneous Hyphens 5 More Examples of Extraneous Hyphens By Mark Nichol When it comes to hyphens, prose is often in a state of disequilibrium: Sometimes there are too many, and sometimes there are too few, but careful writers learn when the number of hyphens is just right. These sentences demonstrate a surfeit of hyphenation. 1. â€Å"It should come as no surprise that the America’s Cup sponsors may be less-than-pleased with the event’s slow start.† There is no good reason to link the words in the phrase â€Å"less than pleased† with hyphens in this sentence. If the phrase were to precede a noun describing who or what is less than pleased, the hyphenation would be correct (â€Å"The less-than-pleased sponsors surprised no one with their reaction†). But the phrase follows the referent noun, so no hyphenation is necessary: â€Å"It should come as no surprise that the America’s Cup sponsors may be less than pleased with the event’s slow start.† 2. â€Å"This cafà © serves sophisticated comfort food, with items like gourmet grilled-cheese sandwiches for grown-ups.† The sentence refers to a cheese sandwich that is grilled, not a sandwich made of grilled cheese, so the hyphen is extraneous: â€Å"This cafà © serves sophisticated comfort food, with items like gourmet grilled cheese sandwiches for grown-ups.† 3. â€Å"They also held a widely-publicized training recently.† Although â€Å"widely publicized† modifies training, widely also modifies publicized. More importantly, the phrase is not a phrasal adjective. By convention, adverbs ending in -ly are not hyphenated to a verb when the adverb-plus-verb phrase modifies a noun. â€Å"They also held a widely publicized training recently.† (However, an adjective ending in -ly is hyphenated in a phrasal adjective, as in â€Å"She wore a ghastly-looking mask.†) 4. â€Å"She won her first Olympic medal when she was just seventeen-years-old.† References to age are hyphenated before a noun (â€Å"She’s a seventeen-year-old girl†), and they’re hyphenated when a missing subsequent noun is implied (â€Å"She’s a seventeen-year-old†). However, the hyphens are omitted when the reference stands on its own as a simple description of age: â€Å"She won her first Olympic medal when she was just seventeen years old.† 5. â€Å"Snacking can help you keep up with the recommended five-to-nine daily fruit and vegetable servings.† The hyphens in the phrase â€Å"five-to-nine† may appear courtesy of a misunderstanding perhaps the writer’s confused memory of the purpose of a dash in a number range. The sentence should read, â€Å"Snacking can help you keep up with the recommended five to nine daily fruit and vegetable servings.† (Hyphens are valid only when the number range modifies a noun, as in â€Å"a five-to-nine-serving diet† or â€Å"a nine-to-five job†). Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Redundant Phrases to AvoidStory Writing 101Careful with Words Used as Noun and Verb

Cost Management of Engineering Works in Construction Essay

Cost Management of Engineering Works in Construction - Essay Example Since maintenance work is a short term work â€Å"Term Contracts† are preferable over â€Å"Lump sum contracts†. The contract again can be sourced on a â€Å"work order† basis because the items and duration of work are not known accurately, beforehand. The preferred contractor shall carry out the maintenance work for a set period of two years as mentioned in the contract. (The University of Reading, Facilities management directorate academic building maintenance strategy 2005–2007 ) The contracted work includes maintenance of Concrete Work, Brickwork and Block work, Scaffolding and Staging, Carpentry and Joinery, Ironmongery, Steel and Metal Work, Plasterwork and other Floor, Wall and Ceiling Finishes, Glazing, Painting, Demolitions, Electrical Installation as detailed in the SOR. (Feilden, 1990) These works are done piecemeal. The maintenance is done over the entire stretch of large campus thus some sites become quite far-flung increasing the time and expenditure for completion of the work. To cater to the maintenance a large workforce is required. Now that an efficient and effective model for minimum cost maintenance work of the campus has been developed it is hoped that the model will be emulated every next time the buildings need to be refurbished. As per CDO norms the future maintenance works have been adopted on term basis. The maintenance of the campus has been allocated to outside contractors and the ways of reducing the maintenance costs are sought for at every stage. Two different price bases are being considered, This brief report summarizes and enumerates the various steps taken at each level of selection, sorting and implementation of tenders submitted by the contractors. (Information Management in a Contractor: A Model of the Flow of Project Data, Norman Fisher, Li Yin Shen, p.318). The tenderers are required to submit their tenders with the tendered trade

The Current Economic Situation Marked by High Unemployment and Low Essay

The Current Economic Situation Marked by High Unemployment and Low Inflation - Essay Example This essay not only describes current economic situation in the United States that was explored as an example. The current economic situation in the United States of America marred by high unemployment and low inflation can ideally be explained with the help of the Philips Curve. As per A W Philips, there existed a relationship between the levels of unemployment and consequently the rate of change in money wages and the rate of change in prices and hence inflation. To put it in simple words, as per the Philips Curve, historically speaking, their lies an inverse relationship between Demand Pull Inflation and the rate of unemployment. The researcher also provides the reader with some steps, that would not only increase the aggregate demand but would also check the expanding unemployment rate. The Salient Factors that have impacts on the US economy rates, such as The Labor Market, Product Markets and Other Factor Markets are explored in details. The researcher od this essay also discuss es and presents some alternate scenarios that say an unemployment rate of 8.8 percent and an inflation rate of 10 percent will not warrant such measures. In such scenario that was discussed, the pragmatic approach on the part of the government will be to pursue a restrained fiscal and monetary policy to contract the supply of money in the markets. In conclusion, it is stated that in the current scenario showing high unemployment and low inflation, it is advisable that the government pursues an expansionary fiscal and monetary policy.

W.B.Yeats and Thomas Hardy Essay Example for Free

W.B.Yeats and Thomas Hardy Essay 1. Imagery: It is the use of figurative language to create visual representations of actions, objects and ideas in our mind in such a way that they appeal to our physical senses. For example: The room was dark and gloomy. -The words â€Å"dark† and â€Å"gloomy† are visual images. The river was roaring in the mountains. – The word â€Å"roaring† appeals to our sense of hearing. 2. Simile and Metaphor: Both compare two distinct objects and draws similarity between them. The difference is that Simile uses â€Å"as† or â€Å"like† and Metaphor does not. For example: â€Å"My love is like a red red rose† (Simile) He is an old fox very cunning. (Metaphor) 3. Hyperbole: It is deliberate exaggeration of actions and ideas for the sake of emphasis. For example: Your bag weighs a ton!  I have got a million issues to look after! 4. Personification: It gives a thing, an idea or an animal human qualities. For example: The flowers are dancing beside the lake.  Have you see my new car? She is a real beauty! 5. Alliteration: It refers to the same consonant sounds in words coming together. For example: Better butter always makes the batter better. She sells seashells at seashore. 6. Allegory: It is a literary technique in which an abstract idea is given a form of characters, actions or events. For example: â€Å"Animal Farm†, written by George Orwell, is an example allegory using the actions of animals on a farm to represent the overthrow of the last of the Russian Tsar Nicholas II and the Communist Revolution of Russia before WW II. In addition, the actions of the animals on the farm are used to expose the greed and corruption of the Revolution. 7. Irony: It is use of the words in such a way in which the intended meaning is completely opposite to their literal meaning. For example: The bread is soft as a stone. So nice of you to break my new PSP! Function of Literary Devices In general, the literary devices are a collection of universal artistic structures that are so typical of all works of literature frequently employed by the writers to give meanings and a logical framework to their works through language. When such works are read by readers, they ultimately recognize and appreciate them. Because of their universality, they also allow the readers to compare a work of one writer to that of the other to determine its worth. They not only beautify the piece of literature but also give deeper meanings to it, testing the very understanding of the readers along with providing them enjoyment of reading. Besides, they help motivating readers’ imagination to visualize the characters and scenes more clearly.

Great Expectations by Charles Dickens :: Great Expectations Essays

Great Expectations by Charles Dickens is the story of Pip, a young orphan who lives with his sister Mrs. Joe and his brother-in-law, Joe. Pip's life changes completely when he meets Miss. Havishman and the girl who lives with her, named Estella. After visiting them, Pip's greatest ambition is transforming himself in a gentleman to gain Estella's love although she acts coldly and contemptuously towards him. Throughout the story violence surrounds the characters and their lives. Violence takes many forms and is understood differently by different cultures. According to Oxford Dictionary violence is "a violent behaviour intended to hurt or kill somebody". This definition is mainly about physical violence, which is the most spread type of violence in western cultures. In Great Expectations, for instance, one night, after an argument with Mrs. Joe, Orlick, Joe's assistant, attacks her so violently that she becomes invalid. Another example of physical violence takes place in Mrs. Havishma n's Satis house when Pip first meets Herbert Pocket and they fight without any reason. Estella also treats Pip violently in physical and verbal ways when she slaps him and uses words like ?You little coarse monster? (page 77, Ch. 11) or ?You little wretch? (page 78, Ch. 11) in addressing to him. Other forms of violence are more difficult to identify but they can be as harmful as physical violence. In Great Expectations, characters mainly use psychological and emotional violence to hurt the others. First, Estella hurts Pip?s emotions and feelings when she rejects him and acts coldly. Estella?s violent behaviour can be explained by the way she was raised by Mrs. Havishman. It is known the idea of Mahatman Gandhi about violence as the fear of other people?s ideals. This definition characterizes the way in which some of the characters in Great Expectations behave. For example, the eccentric Mrs. Havishman was left by her fiancà © just before their wedding and that is why she wants to t ake revenge on men. Estella is Mrs. Havishman?s tool for her revenge. The old woman teaches Estella to feel contempt for men and break their heart. This example shows how violence is used psychologically by Mrs. Havishman who prevents Estella to fully demonstrate her feelings for Pip. Another instance of psychological violence is the way in which Mrs. Joe treats Pip. She blames him for having forced her to change her life since she had to take care of Pip when their parents died and she had to marry Joe. Great Expectations by Charles Dickens :: Great Expectations Essays Great Expectations by Charles Dickens is the story of Pip, a young orphan who lives with his sister Mrs. Joe and his brother-in-law, Joe. Pip's life changes completely when he meets Miss. Havishman and the girl who lives with her, named Estella. After visiting them, Pip's greatest ambition is transforming himself in a gentleman to gain Estella's love although she acts coldly and contemptuously towards him. Throughout the story violence surrounds the characters and their lives. Violence takes many forms and is understood differently by different cultures. According to Oxford Dictionary violence is "a violent behaviour intended to hurt or kill somebody". This definition is mainly about physical violence, which is the most spread type of violence in western cultures. In Great Expectations, for instance, one night, after an argument with Mrs. Joe, Orlick, Joe's assistant, attacks her so violently that she becomes invalid. Another example of physical violence takes place in Mrs. Havishma n's Satis house when Pip first meets Herbert Pocket and they fight without any reason. Estella also treats Pip violently in physical and verbal ways when she slaps him and uses words like ?You little coarse monster? (page 77, Ch. 11) or ?You little wretch? (page 78, Ch. 11) in addressing to him. Other forms of violence are more difficult to identify but they can be as harmful as physical violence. In Great Expectations, characters mainly use psychological and emotional violence to hurt the others. First, Estella hurts Pip?s emotions and feelings when she rejects him and acts coldly. Estella?s violent behaviour can be explained by the way she was raised by Mrs. Havishman. It is known the idea of Mahatman Gandhi about violence as the fear of other people?s ideals. This definition characterizes the way in which some of the characters in Great Expectations behave. For example, the eccentric Mrs. Havishman was left by her fiancà © just before their wedding and that is why she wants to t ake revenge on men. Estella is Mrs. Havishman?s tool for her revenge. The old woman teaches Estella to feel contempt for men and break their heart. This example shows how violence is used psychologically by Mrs. Havishman who prevents Estella to fully demonstrate her feelings for Pip. Another instance of psychological violence is the way in which Mrs. Joe treats Pip. She blames him for having forced her to change her life since she had to take care of Pip when their parents died and she had to marry Joe.

The hunger games book review

Catkins Overseen, along side fellow tribute PETA Mallard, is forced to fight for her life against stronger competitors from wealthier districts, some of whom have trained for this their whole lives. If Catkins Is going to win then Catkins will need to kill everyone In the games. The only question Is, are the odds ever In her favor? I personally admire the way that Catkins would willingly take her sister's place In the Ames, when there is a one in a million chance that she could win.The author has truly grasped the idea of what it's like to be in a situation like Catkins' – no father, a mother that's stuck in the past, and a 13-year-old sister that needs looking after. I was compelled after hearing about the games in the story. The whole prospect Just made me shatter with excitement. It's a very unusual and out-of-the ordinary plot for a book, but I think that its originality is what makes it Just that bit better than your tankard teen fiction.I think that the author's use of d escriptive techniques, Like personification, was extremely noticeable because of Its effectiveness on the story. Overall, I really enjoyed the book and highly recommend to those who love teen fiction or Just enjoy the adrenaline rush. Good Job Suzanne Collins, and I would definitely read it again. The hunger games book review By Halley Halley Karri AAA In The Future North America, known as ‘Panel', there is a rich and modern developed City named ‘The Capitol'. The hunger games book review Catkins Overseen, along side fellow tribute PETA Mallard, is forced to fight for her life against stronger competitors from wealthier districts, some of whom have trained for this their whole lives. If Catkins Is going to win then Catkins will need to kill everyone In the games. The only question Is, are the odds ever In her favor? I personally admire the way that Catkins would willingly take her sister's place In the Ames, when there is a one in a million chance that she could win.The author has truly grasped the idea of what it's like to be in a situation like Catkins' – no father, a mother that's stuck in the past, and a 13-year-old sister that needs looking after. I was compelled after hearing about the games in the story. The whole prospect Just made me shatter with excitement. It's a very unusual and out-of-the ordinary plot for a book, but I think that its originality is what makes it Just that bit better than your tankard teen fiction.I think that the author's use of d escriptive techniques, Like personification, was extremely noticeable because of Its effectiveness on the story. Overall, I really enjoyed the book and highly recommend to those who love teen fiction or Just enjoy the adrenaline rush. Good Job Suzanne Collins, and I would definitely read it again. The hunger games book review By Halley Halley Karri AAA In The Future North America, known as ‘Panel', there is a rich and modern developed City named ‘The Capitol'. The hunger games book review Catkins Overseen, along side fellow tribute PETA Mallard, is forced to fight for her life against stronger competitors from wealthier districts, some of whom have trained for this their whole lives. If Catkins Is going to win then Catkins will need to kill everyone In the games. The only question Is, are the odds ever In her favor? I personally admire the way that Catkins would willingly take her sister's place In the Ames, when there is a one in a million chance that she could win.The author has truly grasped the idea of what it's like to be in a situation like Catkins' – no father, a mother that's stuck in the past, and a 13-year-old sister that needs looking after. I was compelled after hearing about the games in the story. The whole prospect Just made me shatter with excitement. It's a very unusual and out-of-the ordinary plot for a book, but I think that its originality is what makes it Just that bit better than your tankard teen fiction.I think that the author's use of d escriptive techniques, Like personification, was extremely noticeable because of Its effectiveness on the story. Overall, I really enjoyed the book and highly recommend to those who love teen fiction or Just enjoy the adrenaline rush. Good Job Suzanne Collins, and I would definitely read it again. The hunger games book review By Halley Halley Karri AAA In The Future North America, known as ‘Panel', there is a rich and modern developed City named ‘The Capitol'.

Internet Privacy Essay

Electronic commerce (e-commerce) is a great opportunity for any fledging entrepreneur to expose his goods to buyers all over the world through the internet. Small and medium scale businesses, with the right mixture of products and e-commerce capabilities can thrive in a global market. Geography is now longer a hindrance. One doesn’t even need a great amount of capital outlay to get started. For $ 25 a month, one can get an e-commerce start up kit (â€Å"Exploring E-Commerce†). Every imaginable commodity is now sold on-line. It would be wise for any business minded person to ride the information age. Of course, one area of concern when it comes to electronic transactions is security. There have been many instances where credit card information submitted to certain business related websites were stolen and used for other purposes. Customers would need some measure of guarantee that they are not getting scammed. At the same time, businessmen, especially the newer ones, would like to minimize costs of implementing a highly secure environment. Like everything else, a balance must be reached between security for the customer and cost for the business owner. The advantage of a non-secure e-commerce environment is that the business can start right away, even at the comfort of your own home if you prefer. Starting capital would be affordable since one only needs to register a website name and post the products he is offering. The site functions as a showroom for global customers. The disadvantage is that the number of hits on the site doesn’t necessarily translate to customers. 54% of prospective buyers cancel their transactions because of concerns which include insecurity (â€Å"Exploring E-Commerce†). Another disadvantage is that safe payment options are limited. Because non-secure e-commerce sites are vulnerable to hacker attacks, customers would prefer not to use any kind of electronic payment. This would limit the customer’s options to bank deposits and cash-on-delivery schemes. If credit card payment is offered in an insecure web environment, the risk of theft is increased. Overly secured e-commerce sites provide the customer with a blanket of safety and convenience for both the customer and the site owner. With up to date security measures, the owner opens his business to the more than 1. 2 billion credit card owners, world wide (â€Å"Exploring E-Commerce†). Applying encryption methods such as the widely accepted secure socket layer (SSL) certificates on the business website shields important customer information, like credit card numbers, from hackers and other web predators. One disadvantage of a highly secure e-commerce setup is the cost in putting up the safeguards. Verisign, the company that offers SSL certificates, charges over $1,000 for an extended SSL good for 1 year (â€Å"Verisign†, 2007). Other security costs include purchasing and updating of anti-virus software and firewall infrastructure. A minor inconvenience for the customer would be repeated input of customer information including passwords to help secure a transaction. These are not one time only costs. SSL and anti-virus software need regular updates to adapt to relentless hackers and virus code programmers. Even with all of these, there is still no 100% guarantee that the e-business is safe since security is meant to â€Å"manage not eliminate risks† (Tung, 2007). If the entrepreneur is new to the e-commerce business and confined with a limited budget, it is advisable that he start with registering the website first and live with the payment limitations. If the product is good, and the owner makes up for the limitations with above average service like on time delivery and packaging, then he may gradually add components that would make his e-business more secure. If money is no object to the businessman, then adding market accepted security features will certainly not hurt and will even attract repeat business. References: E-commerce 101. Retrieved December 10, 2007, from Sell it on the web Web site: http://sellitontheweb. com/ezine/webstore101. shtml Exploring E-Commerce. Entrepreneur. com , Retrieved December 10, 2007, from http://www. entrepreneur. com/growyourbusiness/howtoguides/article81238. html Tung, Liam (2007, November 2007). ‘Friendly rootkits’ proposed for safe e-commerce. Retrieved December 10, 2007, from ZDNet. co. uk Web site: http://news. zdnet. co. uk/internet/0,1000000097,39291134,00. htm? r=2 Verisign (2007). Retrieved December 10, 2007, Web site: https://ssl-certificate- center. verisign. com/process/retail/product_selector? uid=f149c3d301a629c3897d6187982dbfe7

Psychological Foundations of Pay Essays

Psychological Foundations of Pay Essays Psychological Foundations of Pay Essay Psychological Foundations of Pay Essay With reference to motivation theory discuss the psychological foundations of pay Financial reward or pay is a core component of employee motivation. Eminent thinkers such as Maslow, McGregor, Tolman, Locke, Pavlov, etc have contributed to our understanding of workplace motivation. Based on a synthesis of their theories, we are in a position to ascertain how key a role pay plays in motivating employees and enhancing their performance. The rest of this essay will attempt to do the same. Motivation theory is not a single monolithic framework of analysis, but rather a product of contributions from various fields/disciplines within humanities. The intellectuals mentioned above have offered their theories from the perspective of their respective fields/disciplines. For example, Maslow, McGregor, Alderfer, McClelland have emphasized the physiological basis of employee motivation, whereas scientists such as Locke, Vroom, Kelly and Tolman have presented the cognitive basis of motivation. Social/behaviourist theories of motivation comprise the third school of thought, where seminal contributions were made by Pavlov, Taylor, Thorndike, Skinner, etc. An understanding of psychological motivations of pay is achieved by gleaning relevant points from these three schools of thought. The behaviourist theory lays emphasis on the â€Å"effect of learning and reinforcement, and as a result the behaviourist theory of motivation is closely connected to the psychological theories of learning and reinforcement.† (Hume, 1995) Abraham H. Maslow’s ground breaking thesis the Hierarchy of Needs gives insight into human motivation (in the workplace or elsewhere). He notes that â€Å"all individuals have a set of human needs which are prioritized on an ascending scale, primary needs dealing with physiology and safety, and secondary needs dealing with the psychological aspects of human existence, etc. These needs in ascending order are: physiological, safety, social/love, esteem, and self actualization.† (Hume, 1995) Firstly, pay helps satisfy primary needs of physiological needs of safety and security by allowing for housing, clothing expenditures. Secondly, it satisfies the social/psychological need by bestowing a social status to the individual. T hough this secondary need is subjective and less tangible, it is a powerful source of motivation nevertheless. Coming to the Cognitive theories of motivation, the most important contribution comes from American psychologist Edward C. Tolman, who articulated his Expectancy Theory of Motivation. Here, he suggests that â€Å"that the behaviour of individuals is not based on needs or drives but is determined by the presence of goals and the probability or expectancy that their behaviour will lead to the attainment or achievement of these goals†¦therefore, people are not driven by deprivations and needs but rather are guided to important goals by perceptions and cognitions.† (Hume, 1995) Hence it is often the case that pay is a cognitively constructed goal, made possible by the viability of its achievement. Contribution to motivation theory from social/behaviourist theories comes from Edward L. Thorndike’s Law of Effect. Thorndike formulates that the behaviour of animals (and also humans) is â€Å"directly affected by the consequence of such action†. (Hume, 1995) More specifically, those behaviours that are followed by rewards (including pay) are likely to be enacted again. Similarly, those behaviours that lead to punishments tended to subside over time. Hence, rewards such as pay have a positive effect, encouraging employee performance. The Law of Effect places high emphasis on â€Å"the concept of reinforcement – maintaining specific forms of behaviour by reinforcing consequences, be they positive or negative. It is this concept of reinforcement which remains central to the behaviourist theory of motivation.† (Hume, 1995) The Law of Effect is associated with the stimulus-response concept, which was further expanded by psychologists Ivan P. Pavlov and Burrhus F. Skinner. Frederick Herzberg’s conception of ‘job enrichment’ also indicates the psychological foundations of pay. Herzberg believed that there are key motivators for work. They are achievement, recognition, responsibility, advancement, growth in competence and work itself. (Hume, 1995) Though these motivators sound quite abstract, one easily associate pay with each of these concepts. Hence, it is fairly obvious that while pay plays an important role in the employment relationship, â€Å"it is not the be all and end all in all circumstances to everyone†. (Is Pay a Motivator?, p.6) For HRM practitioners, it is essential to â€Å"consider how much evidence there is that pay and rewards motivate people in similar jobs, organisations and cultures, what other factors are as important in motivating people and which methods provide an effective and efficient rewards system.† (Is Pay a Motivator?, p.6) In order to translate the findings of motivation theory into effective practice, HRM professionals can adopt a number of proven methods of motivation. These include scientific management, ergonomics, work design, performance appraisal, etc. Scientific management of work involves answering this basic question – ‘What is the best way to do a job?’ and then proceeding to systematically design the work flow, schedule, allocation, streamlining team dynamics, etc. The implementation of scientific management will be a cost to the company, which is a cost borne on behalf of employees. Hence, the cost is an implicit form of payment to the employee. Likewise, the HR team can ergonomically arrange the work environment so as to maximise productivity. By creating an environment with adequate and ideal heating, lighting, ventilation, rest breaks, work station and shift patterns for employees, the HRM department is indirectly incentivizing employee performance. Work Design is an allied method of motivating employees, whereby principles of job rotation, job enlargement and job enrichment work hand in hand to enhance the employees’ perception of work and consequently their satisfaction. Finally, performance appraisal and remuneration are more direct ways of motivating employees. This is achieved by way of interactive feedback between managers and workers and by quantitatively linking pay to performance. References: Foundations of Pay, Is Pay a Motivator?, Department of Human Resources, University of Strathclyde Business School. Hume, D. (1995), Reward Management: Employee Performance, Motivation and Pay. Oxford, Blackwell Publishers.

How Santas Reindeer Got Their Names

How Santa's Reindeer Got Their Names If you ask the average American to name Santas reindeer, the first name to pop up will probably be  Rudolph  (the Red-Nosed Reindeer). The next two would no doubt be  Donner  and  Blitzen. But is this correct? And where did these names come from? Origin of Reindeer Names The popular Christmas song  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer† was a 1949 hit tune sung and recorded by Gene Autry and based on a character originally created by a marketing team for Montgomery Ward in 1939. The lyrics were written by  Johnny Marks, who borrowed most of the reindeer names from the classic 1823 poem â€Å"A Visit from Saint Nicholas† (more commonly known as â€Å"Twas the Night before Christmas†) by Major Henry Livingston, Jr. (Historically,  Clement Clarke Moore has been credited for the poem, but most scholars now believe Livingston to have been the poet.) The original poem refers to â€Å"eight tiny reindeer† (Rudolph actually makes it nine tiny reindeer) and names them: â€Å"Now Dasher! now, Dancer! now Prancer and Vixen!/On, Comet! on, Cupid! on Dunder and Blixem!† Later Versions Dunder and Blixem? Youve always heard Donner and Blitzen, right? The former were Dutch names written into the poem by Livingston. Only in later versions, modified by Moore in 1844, were the two names changed to German:  Donder  (close to  Donner, thunder) and  Blitzen  (lightning), to better rhyme with Vixen. Finally, for some reason, in the song â€Å"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer† Marks turned Donder into Donner. Whether Marks made the change because he knew German or because it just sounded better is uncertain.* In any event, there is certainly some logic in using German  Donner  and  Blitzen  (thunder and lightning) for the names. Since 1950 or so, the two reindeer names have been  Donner  and  Blitzen  in both â€Å"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer†Ã‚  and the â€Å"A  Visit  from Saint Nicholas.

Medical Intervention with the Disease of Osteoarthritis Essay

Medical Intervention with the Disease of Osteoarthritis - Essay Example Scientific investigations have clarified that the disease of osteoarthritis is common in older people following years of wear-and-tear that thin the cartilage and the bones (Davis 1988). Osteoarthritis can also result from diseases in which there is softening of the bone, like Puget's disease in which the long bones of the body curve like a bow, or osteoporosis with its bowing of the shoulder called "dowager's hump," or other bone degeneration (Hammerman 1989). Other forms of arthritis can also cause a secondary osteoarthritis. Despite what many have been told, osteoarthritis is not an inevitable problem of aging. Those who don't suffer from it may have their heredity and possibly the strength of their immune systems to thank. Medical science is not quite sure of all the factors that come into play in deciding who gets osteoarthritis and who doesn't. As was mentioned, osteoarthritis creates a formation of spurs of bone to form in the locations where the disease is most prevalent, oft en in the back of the neck, spinal column, and knees but in various other locations as well; as the research will continue to point out (Brandt 1988). This ultimately leads to restricted movement due to the destruction of the cartilage and causes inflammation and pain in the areas the disease targets. Arthritis alone is simply medically known as a swellin... d by the inflammation and the breakdown of cartilage around the joints which makes it far more complex than the basic form of arthritis itself (Hammerman 1989). Cartilage is the shock absorbing material between joints. The weight-bearing joints such as the knees, hips, and spine, as well as the hands, are the joints most often affected by osteoarthritis. These joints are under much greater stress because of additional weight and continuous use (lifting, sports, support, and movement). The concern that too much physical activity may lead to osteoarthritis is on the rise also (Davis 1988). Specialists who work with patients who have this disease now claim that too much physical activity can lead to osteoarthritis since "the continuous stress that physical activity places on the joints can result in micro trauma and degeneration of the articular cartilage" (Davis 1988). Osteoarthritis is also known as degenerative arthritis. Among the over 100 different types of arthritic conditions, os teoarthritis is the most common, affecting over 15 million people in the United States (Hammerman 1989). Before age 45, osteoarthritis occurs more frequently in males. After age 55 years, it occurs more frequently in females. Most cases of osteoarthritis have no known cause, and are called primary osteoarthritis (Brandt 1988). When the cause of the osteoarthritis is known, the condition is called secondary osteoarthritis. Primary osteoarthritis is mostly related to aging. After prolonged use of joints, the cartilage begins to degenerate by flaking or forming tiny crevasses. In advanced cases, there is a total loss of the cartilage cushion between the bones of the joints. Loss of cartilage cushion causes friction between the bones, leading to pain and minimized movement of the

Considering both sides of the conflict, could the War for Independence Essay

Considering both sides of the conflict, could the War for Independence have been avoided Consider military engagements prior to - Essay Example The textbook says that â€Å"Britain had previously never exercised much direct control over the colonies (Millett & Maslowski, 1994, p. 53).† In contrast, the reality was that pre-war measures taken by Britain like the establishment of Proclamation Line, placement of the British garrisons and arbitrarily taxing the colonies amounted to blatant attempts to exercise control while sidelining the popular aspirations of the colonies (Millett & Maslowski, 1994, p. 53). One direct outcome of this political debacle on the part of Britain was its highhanded approach towards things based on the false perceptions created by the Loyalists. It was true that,†England underestimated the militia’s potential and patriot numerical strength (Millett & Maslowski, 1994, p. 56).† The conflict could have been avoided if Britain had given heed to the popular expressions of dissent rising way back in 1765, when only select colonies vouched for complete independence. A majority of t he patriots even during the early phase of the war were fighting for their rights as English subjects and not for complete independence (Millett & Maslowski, 1994, p. 53).

The SAP ERP at the finance department of Al Jazeera Dissertation

The SAP ERP at the finance department of Al Jazeera - Dissertation Example Directly related to the agency theory which will be discussed under the theoretical framework, Clegg, Hardy & Nord (1996) noted that the issue of self-interest among some employees is a major reason for resistance to change in several organisations. In various profit making companies such as Al Jazeera, there are external stakeholders who have different forms of interest with the organisation’s management and the outcome of its management processes. In line with this, the external stakeholders, most of who are shareholders may give their own specifications as to the outcomes that should be seen from the operations of the organisation. In some of these cases, Kirkman (2000) stated that in order for the targeted goals from the stakeholders to be achieved, there must be different forms of changes in the approach to business operation at the workplace. However, some employees and even managers may have their ego which interferes with the organisation’s overall attempt to fa cilitating change within its premise (de Jager, 2001). The situation becomes more serious when such employees seeking their self-interest succeed in forming a cartel among the larger employee base to get others to support their agendas and motivations. Another factor that has been noted to make the issue of self-interest among employees a serious one is when the employees seeking their interest are known to have some level of authority within the organisation and thus have their own followers they issue instructions to (Dent & Goldberg, 2009).

Elecdyne An Electronic Company Economics Essay

Elecdyne An Electronic Company Economics Essay Elecdyne, an electronic company, which is located in Japan, is looking for an opportunity overseas as it is facing a fierce competition at home. This report analyses foreign nations with regards to labor costs, technology, market demand, culture and risks. The data that are collected from various sources analyzes the market potentiality for the products in other countries. The countries that are been chosen for expanding globally are USA, Russia and China the reasons are the following: USA known for the largest economy. Russia known for one of the fastest growing economy. China known for the aggressive economic growth in the 21st century and for the cheap labor cost. In order to analyze deeply into these countries, STEEP, PEST and FDI analysis are been chosen. STEEP Analysis: Socio Culture: Target Market, Age Range, Income Brackets, Technology: Technological infrastructure, RD, Advancement of new technology and Innovation Economic: Infrastructure, Labor cost, Exchange rates, inflation rates, interest rates, unemployment rates and wage level. Ecological: Global warming, Recycling, green energy, CO2 Omission and waste handling. Political: Unions, trade barriers, risk of war, laws and taxes and political stability. STEEP analysis is the method to evaluate the business opportunities in other countries. This analysis helps them choose the best out of three compared countries for expanding the business overseas. The socio-culture plays a vital role in segmenting the target market for their products. The market demands are different in different countries. The age groupings are considered very important in todays business world. In terms of Elecdyne, which is an electronic company producing products from televisions to CD players, mostly attracts the youth population. So, considering the youth population is other countries are important. Technological factors differ in other countries. Japan, which is considered to be an advanced country, could find other developing countries lacking such as China or Russia, but the market may be lucrative in terms of business. They may need to import technology from back home or from other advanced nation such as USA. For an example, technological infrastructure in China may not be that advanced as compared to Japan, so Japan would need to use its own RD infrastructure to target Chinese market, which in turn could raise the cost of production. Most of the time, political factors of the country affect the business policies. Business laws in Japan are different from other countries. Elecdyne performed in Japan under Japanese laws have to perform different in China, Russia and USA due to the local policies that they have, as this could affect or may lead to rethink of opening up businesses in those countries. Economic situation is the main factor that attracts foreign companies to look at the market, because of the raise in purchasing power among the citizens, but businesses look beyond purchasing power such as exchange rates, infrastructure, labor costs, inflation rates, unemployment rates and wage level. Elecdyne is attracted towards the labor costs and the local purchasing power. Ecological is the new factor that plays in todays world of being responsible towards an environment. We had seen world leaders gathering for the global warming situation and asking the entrepreneurs to take up the responsibility of promoting the green energy and eco-friendly products. These factors are forcing the companies to reinvent new strategy for their products, right from productions till the consumptions. Internal and External Analysis: Weakness Strength Wages are so low that they are fail to attract new employee Elecdyne has more than 20 years experience is japan Invention has been so under rated that they are no where near in the market Staff have been familiar with english language SWOT Analysis will be used to analyze internal factors and PEST Analysis for the external factors. SWOT stands for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. PEST stands for political, economic, social and technological. External Analysis: Political USA Russia China Japan 1 2=10 3 -2=-10 3 -2=-10 2 0 War Risk (5) (ONDD, 2012) 1=good 7=bad 1 2=4 3 -6=-24 2 -2=-8 1 0 Political Risk(4) (ONDD, 2012) 1=good 7=bad 19 35=7 133 50-=10- 80 -40=8- 17 0 Corruption perception Index (5) (International, 2012) 10 (very high) to 0 (low) 1 4=12 2 -2=-6 3 -4=-12 1 0 Transfer Risk (3) (ONDD, 2012) 1=good 7=bad 61 -90 -70 0 Total Economic Japan China Russia USA GDP Growth rate (The World Bank, 2011) 5 -0.7% 0 9.3% 10=50 4.3% 6=30 1.7% 1=5 GDP per capita (The World Bank, 2011)4 $45,903 0 $5,445 -6=-24 $13,089 -8=-32 $48,112 2=8 GDP Purchasing Power (C.I.A, 2011) 5 $4.44 trillion 0 $11.3 trillion 8=40 $2.383 trillion -2=-10 $15.08 trillion 10=50 Unemployment rate (C.I.A, 2011) 3 4.6% 0 6.5% 4=12 6.6% 4=12 9% 8=24 total 0 78 0 87 Sociological Japan China Russia USA Literacy rate (C.I.A, 2011) 1 99% 0 92.2% -3=-3 99.6% -1=-1 99% 1=1 Life Expectancy (C.I.A, 2011)2 83.91 YEARS 0 74.84 YEARS -2=-4 66.46 YEARS -4=-8 78.49 YEARS -1=-2 Population (C.I.A, 2011)2 127,368,088 0 1,343,239,923 6=12 142,517,670 1=2 313,847,465 3=6 Average Death rate (C.I.A, 2011)1 9.15/1000 0 7.17/1000 1=1 14.1/1000 -2=-2 8.4/1000 2=2 Total 0 6 -9 7 Technology Japan China Russia USA RD expenditure (The World Bank, 2008) 3 3.45% 0 1.47% -3=-9 1.04% -6=-18 2.79% -1=-3 Internet Users (C.I.A, 2011)1 99,182,000 0 389,000,000 6=6 40,853,000 -5=-5 245,000,000 3=3 Mobile users (C.I.A, 2011)1 129,868,000 0 986,253,000 10=10 236,700,000 2=2 313,848,000 4=4 Total 0 7 -21 4 Cost Inflation rate (C.I.A, 2011)4 -0.3% 0 5.5% -4=-16 8.4% -6=-24 0.9% -1=-4 Interest Rate (The World Bank, 2011 3 3.7% 0 -1.1% 4=12 -6.4% 6=18 1.0% 1=3 Total 0 -4 -6 -1 PEST WEIGHTED AVERAGE Japan China Russia USA P 0 -70/4=-17.5 -90/4=-22.5 61/4=15.25 E(market) 0 78/4=19.5 0 87/4=21.75 E(cost) 0 -4/2=-2 -6/2=-3 -1/2=-0.5 S 0 6/4=1.5 -9/4=-2.25 -7/4=-1.75 T 0 7/3=2.3333 -21/3=-7 4/3=1.3333 Total 0 3.83333 -34.75 36.08 Summary of PEST Analysis: From the analysis, USA market looks attractive according to the situation faced by Elecdyne. USA has the fast growing economy and it is a great chance for the Elecdyne to grab the share of the market. USA also has great number of youths in the Country to buy the products. With comparison to other three countries in the table, they find USA as the best alternative for expanding internationally. USA also has a low labor cost as compared to other three countries and geographically nearer to Japan as well. It is highly competitive market, but it is lucrative once succeeded. Options of Internationalization: There are three options for Elecdyne to go International or establish business in China. The following options are: 1. Joint Venture 2. Acquisition 3. Greenfield Site Joint Venture with other existing firms in USA can help Elecdyne to merge into the market quickly. This venture is one of the most common strategies used by the foreign firms to enter into the country. The positive impact of this venture is that they can learn the consumers quickly and efficiently using the existing firms in USA. The negative side of the venture is that Elecdyne would lose its profit share to the local firm that is ventured with. Acquisition technic may look attractive, but have risk to it. It is always quite expensive to buy out the firm in USA and hope for profit out of it. It is risky, but once succeeded it is profitable. There are risk factors attached to it. It is always safer to look at the government policies for the foreign firms. FDI investment policies are different in different countries. Greenfield Site project are mostly used by very large corporation of developing the underdeveloped land. Risk involved with this strategy is very high especially in a country like USA. Political risk involved with it is higher. The government could seize the land if needed or may not be willing to make an agreement for a longer period of time.

Coffee Crisis Essay -- BTEC Business Marketing GCSE Coursework

Coffee Crisis The Wall Street Journal, Boston Globe , and the Economist as well as many other media outlets of record were all in consensus when they declared the onset of coffee crisis in October 2001; farmgate prices had sharply dropped reaching a thirty-year low of $0.39 per pound in This price was below the cost of coffee production at the time, listed at USD 0.60 per pound.(Economist 2001) Price declines are not such an uncommon occurrence, but what is more troubling is that the cash market for coffee suffers from high price volatility. For a more detailed look please see Appendix 1: Cash Price Variation. Coffee producers , who are mainly located in developing countries , are highly vulnerable to price risk in the cash market , yet their profits in relation to their risk exposure has been steadily declining. In a 2001 study conducted by the European Fair Trade Association (EFTA)- an organization that promotes the sale of products that ensure price security for marginalized commodity produ cers- the general finding was a declining share of trade revenues from coffee remained in the coffee producing countries. Although the international coffee market has grown from $30 billion annually in the 1980s to $55 billion in 2001, in aggregate coffee producers have seen their share drop from $10 billion to $7 billion in 2001 (Renkema 59). From the perspective of the small producer, their received cash prices have not always been this volatile and had been stable up until 1989 ;although the data does not fully support this. Please see Appendix 2) Measures of Volatility. A price regime devised in 1962 by the International Coffee Association setup an agreement between coffee producing countries and coffee consuming countries.... ...//www.nybot.org> Pennings, Joost M.E. Research in Agricultural Futures Markets: Past Present and Future. Presentation Paper: Wageningen Agricultural University: Netherlands. 8 June 2001. Renkema, David. (2001). ¡Ã‚ ± Chapter 4:Coffee:The Speculator ¡Ã‚ ¯s Plaything ¡Ã‚ ± Fair Trade Yearbook..European Fair Trade Association: Amsterdam. World Bank International Task Force on Commodity Risk Management in Developing Countries.  ¡Ã‚ °Dealing With Commodity Price Volatility In Developing Countries: A Proposal For A Market-Based Approach. ¡Ã‚ ± Discussion Paper for the Roundtable on Commodity Risk Management in Developing Countries. World Bank. Washington, DC: 24 September 1999. United Nation Commission on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) Secretariat.  ¡Ã‚ °Farmers and Farmers Associations In Developing Countries And Their Use of Modern Financial Instruments. Geneva: 10 January 2002.

Nursing and Health Care Essay

1. In 1200 B.C., the ill were treated with a mixture of physical, prayer, and magic spells. Temples were health centers. From the 1st-10th century initial care was at the local bishop’s house. They had deacons and deaconesses. In the 19th century, nurses cared for patients while at the risk of exposure to disease. Nursing in hospitals expanded in the 19th century, but nursing the communities did not increase significantly until 1893 when the Henry Street Settlement opened and focused on the health needs of poor people who lived in tenements in New York City. 2. 3. Nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities; prevention of illness and injury; alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response; and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations. 4. She saw the role of nursing as having â€Å"charge of somebody’s health† based on the knowledge of â€Å"how to put the body in such a state to be free of disease or to recover from disease.† She was the first nurse epidemiologist who connected poor sanitation with cholera and dysentery. 5. There were no standards to help control disease. Nursing was not a distinct profession. 6. Florence Nightingale-implemented methods to improve battlefield sanitation, which ultimately reduced illness, infection, and mortality. Clara Barton- 1st woman to gain employment in the federal government and is the founder of the American Red Cross and tended to soldiers on the battlefield, cleansing their wounds, meeting their basic needs and comforting them in death. Dorothea Lynde Dix-School teacher, founded schools, advocate for the mentally ill, formed an army nursing corps, and organized hospitals and ambulatory services. Mary Eliza Mahoney- 1st African-American RN in the USA, concerned with relationships between cultures and races, Cofounder of The National Association of Colored People. Isabel Hampton Robb- founder of modern ANA and American nursing theory, established nursing standards, develop a grading policy, author of nursing textbooks. Lillian Wald and Mary Brewster opened the Henry Street Settlement. 7. Theories are designed to explain a phenomenon such as self-care or caring. A nursing theory is a conceptualization of some aspect of nursing that describes, explains, predicts, or prescribes nursing. It helps to identify the focus, means, and goals of practice. Theories give us perspective for assessing our patients’ situations and organizing data and methods for analyzing and interpreting information. Integration of theory into practice is the basis for professional nursing. PROFESSIONALISM 1. Caring, Competence, Collaboration, Critical thinking, Commitment to Holistic care, Integrity, Responsibility, and Accountability. 2. A profession requires a basic liberal foundation and an extended education of its members, it has a theoretical body of knowledge leading to defined skills, abilities, and norms, it provides a specific service, members of a profession have autonomy in decision making and practice, and the profession as a whole has a code of ethics for practice. 3. LPN Associate Degree in Nursing (ADN)- 2 year program that focuses on the basic sciences and theoretical and clinical courses related to the practice of nursing. Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN)- 4 year programs that focuses on the basic sciences; theoretical and clinical courses; and courses in the social sciences, arts, and humanities to support the nursing theory Master’s Degree- is important for the roles of a nurse educator and nurse administrator, and it is required for an advanced practice registered nurse Doctoral * Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)- Emphasize more basic research and theory and research-oriented * Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP)- practice-focused and provides skills in obtaining expanded knowledge through the formulation and interpretations of evidence-based practice 4. Caregiver- help patients maintain and regain health, manage disease and symptoms, and attain a maximal level function and independence through the healing process. Advocate- protect your patient’s human and legal rights and provide assistance in asserting these rights if the need arises. Educator- explain concepts and facts about health, describe the reason for routine care activities, demonstrate procedures such as self-care activities, reinforce learning or patient behavior, and evaluate the patient’s progress in learning. Communicator- it allows you to know your patients’ strengths, weaknesses, and their needs. Without it you cannot give comfort and emotional support, make decisions with patients and families, give care effectively, protect patients from threats to well-being, coordinate and manage patient care, assist in patient rehabilitation, or provide patient education. Manager- uses appropriate leadership styles to create a nursing environment for the patients and staff that reflect the mission and values of the health care organization. 5. Licensure- Must pass NCLEX to receive license. This provides a standard minimized knowledge base for nurses. 6. Certified by national nursing organizations in about 20 specific areas of nursing practice. After passing an exam, maintain certification by completing CEU’s. 7. According to Benner, an expert nurse passes through five levels of proficiency when acquiring and developing generalist or specialized nursing skills. Novice-beginning nursing student learns via a specific set of rules or procedures. Advanced Beginner-Nurse has had some level of experience, may be observational, but is able to identify meaningful aspects or principles of nursing care. Competent- establish long-range goals, and has been in the same position for 2-3 years with an understanding of organization and specific care required by the type of patient. Proficient- Same clinical position for 2-3 years, focuses on managing care, and is able to assess an entire situation and can readily transfer knowledge gained from multiple previous experiences to a situation. Expert-can focus on multiple dimensions of a situation and has an intuitive grasp of an existing or potential clinical problem. Skilled at identifying patient-centered problems and problems related to the health care sys tem. 8. 9. Advanced Practice Nurse-most independent nurse, has master’s degree in nursing; advanced education in pathophysiology, pharmacology, and physical assessment; and certification and expertise in a specialized area of practice-clinical nurse specialist, certified nurse practitioner, certified nurse midwife, and certified RN anesthetist. Nurse Educator-works primarily in schools of nursing, staff development department of health care agencies, and patient education departments. Must have experience in clinical practice to provide them with practical skills and theoretical knowledge. Nurse Administrator- manages patient care and the delivery of specific nursing services within a health care agency. Examples: assistant nurse manager, nurse manager, house supervisor, director of nursing, and chief nurse executive or vice president. Nurse Researcher- investigates problems to improve nursing care and further define and expand the scope of nursing practice. 10. National League for Nursing-advances excellence in nursing education to prepare nurses to meet the needs of a diverse population in a changing health care environment. American Nurses Association- improves standards of health and availability of health care, to foster high standards for nursing, and to promote the professional development and general and economic welfare of nurses. International Council of Nursing- promote national associations of nurses, improving standards of nursing practice, seeking higher status for nurses, and providing an international power base for nurses. National Student Nurses Association/ Student Nurse Association of PA- consider issues of importance to nursing students such as career development and preparation for licensing. Specialty Organizations- seek to improve the standards of practice, expand nursing roles, and foster the welfare of nurses within specialty areas. Publish journals and present educational programs. 11. 12. Problem-solving approach to clinical practice that involves the conscientious use of current best evidence, along with clinical expertise and patient preferences and values in making decisions about patient care. 13. Ask a clinical question that is problem focused. Collect the most relevant and best evidence. Critically appraise the evidence you gather. Integrate all evidence with one’s clinical expertise and patient preferences and values in making a practice decision or change. Evaluate the practice decision or change. Share knowledge. LEGAL ISSUES IN NURSING PRACTICE 1. Statutory Law- written by state legislature and U.S. Congress-may be a civil or criminal offense. Civil laws protect the rights of individuals within our society and provide for fair and equitable treatment when civil wrongs or violations occur. Fines or community service and examples are malpractice or negligence. Criminal laws protect society as a whole and provide punishment for crimes, which are defined as municipal, state, and federal legislation-felony or misdemeanor. Administrative Law (Regulatory Law)-reflects decisions made by administrative bodies such as State Boards of Nursing when they pass rules and regulations. Common Law-results from judicial decision made in courts when individual legal cases are decided-informed consent, patients right to refuse treatment, negligence, and malpractice. 2. Federal laws- body of laws that were created by the federal government of the country. Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Law (EMTALA)- when patient comes to emergency department an appropriate medical screening occurs within the capacity of the hospital- cannot discharge or transfer patient until they are stable. The Health Care Quality Improvement Act of 1986. Patient Bill of Right- became patient care partnership given out to patients. The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)- prohibits discrimination and ensures for persons with disabilities equal opportunities in employment, state and local government services, public accommodations, commercial facilities, and transportation. People with HIV do not have to disclose their disability. Patient Self-Determination Act (PSDA)-requires health care institutions to provide written information to patients concerning their right under state law to make decisions including the right to refuse treatment and formulate advance directives. Patients records need to document whether or not the patient has signed an advance directive. For living wills or durable powers of attorney for health care to be enforceable, the patient must be legally incompetent or lack to the capacity to make decisions regarding health care treatment. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)-protects individu als from losing their health care insurance when changing jobs by providing portability. These rules create patient rights to consent to the use and disclosure of their protected health information, to inspect and copy one’s medical record, and to amend mistaken or incomplete information. State Laws-Mandatory Reporting Laws-communicable diseases, school immunizations, suspected neglect and abuse, legal immunity provided to the reporter, may face civil or criminal action if nor reported. Good Samaritan Laws-limit liability and offer legal immunity if a nurse helps at the scene of an accident. Nurse Practice Act- describe and define the legal boundaries of nursing practice within each state. Scope of Practice-perform a procedure in which you have training for, distinguishes between nursing and malpractice. 3. RN-licensed and educated in nursing process and critical thinking; responsible for who you delegate to. LPN- licensed but does not cover assessment of patient. Can collect data but must give to nurse. NA/PCT- not licensed 4. Standards of care are set by ANA and are the legal requirements for nursing practice that describe the minimum acceptable nursing care. Nurse practice act defines scope of nursing practice, distinguishing between nursing and medical practice and establishing education and licensure requirements for nurses. Internal-Standards defined within hospital. External- developed by ANA and TJC-accredited body of the hospital-health department. 5. Established to help accredited organizations address specific areas of concern in regards to patient safety. Identify patients correctly. Improve staff communication. Use medicines safely. Prevent infection. Identify patient safety risks. Prevent mistakes in surgery. 6. Advance directive include living wills, health care proxies, and durable powers of attorney for health care. They are based on values of informed consent, patient autonomy over end-of-life decisions, truth telling, and control over the dying process. 7. Living wills represent written documents that direct treatment in accordance with a patient’s wishes in the event of a terminal illness or condition. The patient is able to declare which medical procedures he or she wants or does not want when terminally ill or in a vegetative state. Durable Power of Attorney for health care is a legal document that designates a person or persons of one’s choosing to make health care decisions when the patient is no lo nger able to make decisions on his or her own behalf. 8. 9. 10. Negligence is conduct that falls below a standard of care. Courts define negligence cases as the degree of care that an ordinarily careful and prudent person would use under the same or similar circumstances. 11. Malpractice is a type of negligence and is often referred to as professional negligence. When nursing care falls below a standard of care, nursing malpractice occurs. 12. Assault- any action that places a person in apprehension of a harmful or offensive contact without consent. Battery-any intentional touching without consent. False Imprisonment-unjustified restraint of a person without legal warrant and requires the patient be aware of confinement. Defamation of Character- publication of false statements that result in damage to a persons’ reputation. Invasion of Privacy- the release of a patient’s medical information to an unauthorized person such as a member of the press, the patient’s employer, or the patient’s family. Breach of Confidenti ality-